4SBS pg.360-361 #1-8, 14-20

1) The frequency of electromagnetic radiation/photons and energy are directly proportional.

2) The word spectrum a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from high to low.

3) Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis while other forms of electromagnetic radiation are not because visible radiation can energize electrons in some chemical bonds-- providing energy needed for photosynthesis reactions. 

4)
a. Infrared, visible, ultraviolet
b. Infrared radiation warms living things. Visible radiation can energize electrons in chemical bonds and  ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburns, skin cancer, and can kill bacteria and destroy viruses. 

5) Ultraviolet light is effective for this use because UV-C can kill bacteria and destroy viruses due to the fact that the photons have enough energy to break covalent bonds. 

6) Carbon dioxide and water molecules, absorb infrared radiation and reradiate the energy back to earth. Visible radiation causes red sunsets and blue skies, due to the scattering of a protion of the sun's radiation by water, air, and dust. UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth's surface and UV-A and UV-B radiation is absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer

7) Two main effects of the solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface is when more greenhouse gases are produced, which results in more energy reradiated on earth's surface and  hotter water affecting the hydrologic cycle.

8) 

a.  Asphalt warms up more quickly than lakewater when exposed to sunlight. 

b. Water absorbs infrared light and can reradiate it back to earth's surface, while asphalt directly reflects light sources back into space.

14) CO2 and water vapor are both greenhouse gases, that absorb infrared radiation that is readiated from Earth's surface, holding warmth in the atmosphere, thus maintaining moderate temperatures at earth's surface. 

15) 

a. 

Natural: 1. burning natural gas 2. burning coal 
Human: 1. breathing 2. clearing forests b.
Natural: 1. decomposition of plants 2. decomposition of animal wastes
Human: 1. fossil fuels 2. livestock

16)

a. increase in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, higher air pressure.
b. decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure.

17) On a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than is a structure with opaque wooden walls because infrared light cannot escape through the glass. 

18) 

a. 

b.

19) Three chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms include atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, and natural gas.

20) A carbon atom could be part of the atmosphere as a gas, a part of the lithosphere as a plant or animal waste decay and lastly as part of the hydrosphere as limestone.