1)
a. One repeating unit
b. Two repeating units
c. Three repeating units
d. 500 to 20,000 repeating units
3)
a. Natural polymers: starch, proteins, jelatin, and nucleic acid
b. Synthetic polymers: fabrics, rubber, foams, and adhesives
6) The term unsaturated is used to describe structures of alkenes because they contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
13) I can't find the answer.
Wednesday, July 24, 2013
Tuesday, July 23, 2013
3SBS pg.258 #1-10
1) Petroleum is called "buried sunshine" because the energy released by burning fossil fuels represents energy originally captured from the sunlight.
2)
a. Potential energy is energy of position or condition. An example is when a car moves, the spring unwinds, providing energy to the moving parts.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example is the movement of a car based on converting potential energy into kinetic energy.
3) When a chemical reaction takes place and releases energy, bonds break and reatant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.
4) Butane has more potential energy because it has a higher boiling and more carbons.
5)
a. Potential energy
b. Potential energy
c. Kinetic energy
d. Potential energy
e. Kinetic energy
6) Energy is requires to break chemical bonds because the process yeilds products with different and more stable bonding arrangements of their atoms. Some of the energy stored in the reactants is released to form heat and light.
7)
a. Exothermic, because energy is being released.
b. Endothermic, because energy is needed for the process.
c. Endothermic, because energy is needed for the process.
8) Burning candle is an exothermic reaction because there is more energy in the product than in the reaction to begin with.
9) I don't get it.
10) The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
2)
a. Potential energy is energy of position or condition. An example is when a car moves, the spring unwinds, providing energy to the moving parts.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example is the movement of a car based on converting potential energy into kinetic energy.
3) When a chemical reaction takes place and releases energy, bonds break and reatant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.
4) Butane has more potential energy because it has a higher boiling and more carbons.
5)
a. Potential energy
b. Potential energy
c. Kinetic energy
d. Potential energy
e. Kinetic energy
6) Energy is requires to break chemical bonds because the process yeilds products with different and more stable bonding arrangements of their atoms. Some of the energy stored in the reactants is released to form heat and light.
7)
a. Exothermic, because energy is being released.
b. Endothermic, because energy is needed for the process.
c. Endothermic, because energy is needed for the process.
8) Burning candle is an exothermic reaction because there is more energy in the product than in the reaction to begin with.
9) I don't get it.
10) The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
3SAS pg.235 #31-38
31)
a. Propane, C3H8
b. Hexane, C6H14
32) The prefix -ane implies the number of atoms in the backbone carbon chain.
33) Yes, because they all contain identical molecule formulas, but different arrangments of atoms.
34)
35) Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism.
36) A linear chain is where each carbon atom is only linked to one or two other carbon atoms and a zig-zag chain is where one atoms is linked to three or four carbon atoms.
37)
a.
b. The branch-chain insomer because it has less surface area for intermolecular forces.
38)
a. short, straight-chain because it has more surface area for intermolecular forces.
b. short, straight-chain
c. short, straigh-chain
a. Propane, C3H8
b. Hexane, C6H14
32) The prefix -ane implies the number of atoms in the backbone carbon chain.
33) Yes, because they all contain identical molecule formulas, but different arrangments of atoms.
34)
35) Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism.
36) A linear chain is where each carbon atom is only linked to one or two other carbon atoms and a zig-zag chain is where one atoms is linked to three or four carbon atoms.
37)
a.
b. The branch-chain insomer because it has less surface area for intermolecular forces.
38)
a. short, straight-chain because it has more surface area for intermolecular forces.
b. short, straight-chain
c. short, straigh-chain
Monday, July 22, 2013
3SAS pg. 233-235 #1-30 (except #2, 4, 9, 14, 24, 25)
1) A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3) Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource and can be used as both fuel, which can be converted to gasoline, can provide heat, can deliver energy, and can be used to make manufactured goods.
5) By saying crude it is meant that it is unrefined.
6) I couldn't find the answer.
7) Some fuels obtained from crude petroleum include: kerosene, petroleum oil, gasoline, and lubricating oil.
8)
a. Candles, water bottle, soap, rubbing alcohol are all houshold items made from petroleum.
b. palm oil could replace petroleum in candles, aluminum could replace petroleum in water bottles, detergenst could replace petroleum in soap, and Isopropyl alcohol could replace petroleum in rubbing alcohol.
10)
a. Middle East has the most petroleum reserves.
b. Western Europe has the least petroleum reserves.
11)
a. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania has the most petroleum consumption.
b. Africa has the least petroleum consumption.
12) Density could be used to seperate two different liquids if the substance are not dissolvable.
13) A mixture with the substances water and acetone would be the easiest to seearate from each other by distillation because water has the highest boiling point, while acetone has the lowest boiling point, causing it to be easily seperated.
15)
16) Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation because fractional distillation is a refining that does not seperate each compound in a mixture, but produces several distinctive mixtures, called fractions, while simple distillation is the seperation of liquid substances according to their differing boiling points.
17)
light: naphthas and solvents, petrochemicals, and refined oils.
intermediate: gas oil, petrochemicals, and diesel fuel oil.
heavy: heavy oils and wax, cracking stock, and petrochemicals.
18) In a distillation tower I would expect the fraction with the highest boiling range to be at the bottom of the tower because substances with the highest boiling points never vaporize, which causes them to drain to the bottom of the tower.
19) A way to further separate the components of each fraction would be to apply distillation techniques in a large-scale.
20)
1. Methane
2. Pentane
3. Hexane
4. Octane
Since this order increases in boiling point it also shows an increase in stronger intermolecular forces because the higher the boiling point the stronger the intermolecular forces are.
21) A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms.
22) Atoms with filled outer electron shells not form covalent bonds because valence electrons, which have electrons within atoms unfilled, outer shell, participate in a bond so that means that atoms with filled filled outer electron shells must not bond.
23) A covalent bond linking two atoms is like two dogs tugging on the same sock because like the two dogs the electrons much share the sock and even though the dogs may pull away from each other, they are still going to be connected by the sock just like atoms will still be connected by a covalent bond.
26) I can't find the answer.
27)
a.
b.
28) The electron-dot representation of a carbon atom shows only four atoms because it represent the valence electrons.
29)
a. C9H20
30)
a. 128g
b. 226g
c. 142g
d. 254g
3) Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource and can be used as both fuel, which can be converted to gasoline, can provide heat, can deliver energy, and can be used to make manufactured goods.
5) By saying crude it is meant that it is unrefined.
6) I couldn't find the answer.
7) Some fuels obtained from crude petroleum include: kerosene, petroleum oil, gasoline, and lubricating oil.
8)
a. Candles, water bottle, soap, rubbing alcohol are all houshold items made from petroleum.
b. palm oil could replace petroleum in candles, aluminum could replace petroleum in water bottles, detergenst could replace petroleum in soap, and Isopropyl alcohol could replace petroleum in rubbing alcohol.
10)
a. Middle East has the most petroleum reserves.
b. Western Europe has the least petroleum reserves.
11)
a. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania has the most petroleum consumption.
b. Africa has the least petroleum consumption.
12) Density could be used to seperate two different liquids if the substance are not dissolvable.
13) A mixture with the substances water and acetone would be the easiest to seearate from each other by distillation because water has the highest boiling point, while acetone has the lowest boiling point, causing it to be easily seperated.
15)
16) Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation because fractional distillation is a refining that does not seperate each compound in a mixture, but produces several distinctive mixtures, called fractions, while simple distillation is the seperation of liquid substances according to their differing boiling points.
17)
light: naphthas and solvents, petrochemicals, and refined oils.
intermediate: gas oil, petrochemicals, and diesel fuel oil.
heavy: heavy oils and wax, cracking stock, and petrochemicals.
18) In a distillation tower I would expect the fraction with the highest boiling range to be at the bottom of the tower because substances with the highest boiling points never vaporize, which causes them to drain to the bottom of the tower.
19) A way to further separate the components of each fraction would be to apply distillation techniques in a large-scale.
20)
1. Methane
2. Pentane
3. Hexane
4. Octane
Since this order increases in boiling point it also shows an increase in stronger intermolecular forces because the higher the boiling point the stronger the intermolecular forces are.
21) A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms.
22) Atoms with filled outer electron shells not form covalent bonds because valence electrons, which have electrons within atoms unfilled, outer shell, participate in a bond so that means that atoms with filled filled outer electron shells must not bond.
23) A covalent bond linking two atoms is like two dogs tugging on the same sock because like the two dogs the electrons much share the sock and even though the dogs may pull away from each other, they are still going to be connected by the sock just like atoms will still be connected by a covalent bond.
26) I can't find the answer.
27)
a.
28) The electron-dot representation of a carbon atom shows only four atoms because it represent the valence electrons.
29)
a. C9H20
b. C16H34
c. C10H22
d. C18H38
c. C10H22
d. C18H38
30)
a. 128g
b. 226g
c. 142g
d. 254g
Sunday, July 21, 2013
4SBS pg.350 #1-6
1)
.25 kg x 4 x 10
= 10 kg
2)
.10 L x 4 x 10
= 4 L
3)
.25 kg x 4 x 10 x 180
= 1,800 kg
4) It is a much quicker when buses convert the fossil fuels to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by 30% since 1800 the increasing use and development of transportation has caused an increase in fuel, resulting in a increase of CO2.
5) I don't think that the bus idling policy will help the worldwide supply of fossil fuels because for every two minutes a car is idling, it uses about the same amount of fuel it takes to go about one mile, so in reality it uses a lot of fuel to idle, however if you actually want to save fossil fuel than the you should just turn of the bus at each stop.
.25 kg x 4 x 10
= 10 kg
2)
.10 L x 4 x 10
= 4 L
3)
.25 kg x 4 x 10 x 180
= 1,800 kg
4) It is a much quicker when buses convert the fossil fuels to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by 30% since 1800 the increasing use and development of transportation has caused an increase in fuel, resulting in a increase of CO2.
6) Isiah Martin and others may think that the bus idling policy is necessary because they may think that is helps the envioment and students safety, when in fact idling is linked to increases in asthma, allergies, heart and lung disease and cancer.
4BSB pg.350 #1-4
1) Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because infrared radiation is basically heat energy, while ultraviolet light can cause sunburns, and with extensive exposure could lead to skin cancer.
2) Two roles played by visible solar radiation is that it can energize electrons in some chemical bonds and it can also scatter throughout Earth and causing red sunsets and blue skies.
3) Dry, arid regions experience wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day than do states with more humid conditions because since there is less water vapor, infrared radiation is not stored, reradiated, and reflected back into the atmosphere from the transformation of UV and visivle radiation to infrared radiation in the clouds, resulting in the lack of heat stored in the clouds.
2) Two roles played by visible solar radiation is that it can energize electrons in some chemical bonds and it can also scatter throughout Earth and causing red sunsets and blue skies.
3) Dry, arid regions experience wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day than do states with more humid conditions because since there is less water vapor, infrared radiation is not stored, reradiated, and reflected back into the atmosphere from the transformation of UV and visivle radiation to infrared radiation in the clouds, resulting in the lack of heat stored in the clouds.
4)
a. The daytime temperatures would be much cooler because less stored heat energy would enter throughout the day.
b. Nights would be cold since there is less heat to store during the day.
b. Nights would be cold since there is less heat to store during the day.
4SBS pg.360-361 #1-8, 14-20
1) The frequency of electromagnetic radiation/photons and energy are directly proportional.
2) The word spectrum a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from high to low.
3) Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis while other forms of electromagnetic radiation are not because visible radiation can energize electrons in some chemical bonds-- providing energy needed for photosynthesis reactions.
4)
a. Infrared, visible, ultraviolet
b. Infrared radiation warms living things. Visible radiation can energize electrons in chemical bonds and ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburns, skin cancer, and can kill bacteria and destroy viruses.
Human: 1. breathing 2. clearing forests b.
Natural: 1. decomposition of plants 2. decomposition of animal wastes
Human: 1. fossil fuels 2. livestock
19) Three chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms include atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, and natural gas.
2) The word spectrum a good descriptor of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because the spectrum shows the range of energy from high to low.
3) Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis while other forms of electromagnetic radiation are not because visible radiation can energize electrons in some chemical bonds-- providing energy needed for photosynthesis reactions.
4)
a. Infrared, visible, ultraviolet
b. Infrared radiation warms living things. Visible radiation can energize electrons in chemical bonds and ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburns, skin cancer, and can kill bacteria and destroy viruses.
5) Ultraviolet light is effective for this use because UV-C can kill bacteria and destroy viruses due to the fact that the photons have enough energy to break covalent bonds.
6) Carbon dioxide and water molecules, absorb infrared radiation and reradiate the energy back to earth. Visible radiation causes red sunsets and blue skies, due to the scattering of a protion of the sun's radiation by water, air, and dust. UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth's surface and UV-A and UV-B radiation is absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer
7) Two main effects of the solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface is when more greenhouse gases are produced, which results in more energy reradiated on earth's surface and hotter water affecting the hydrologic cycle.
8)
a. Asphalt warms up more quickly than lakewater when exposed to sunlight.
b. Water absorbs infrared light and can reradiate it back to earth's surface, while asphalt directly reflects light sources back into space.
14) CO2 and water vapor are both greenhouse gases, that absorb infrared radiation that is readiated from Earth's surface, holding warmth in the atmosphere, thus maintaining moderate temperatures at earth's surface.
15)
a.
Natural: 1. burning natural gas 2. burning coal Human: 1. breathing 2. clearing forests b.
Natural: 1. decomposition of plants 2. decomposition of animal wastes
Human: 1. fossil fuels 2. livestock
16)
a. increase in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, higher air pressure.
b. decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure.
b. decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure.
17) On a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than is a structure with opaque wooden walls because infrared light cannot escape through the glass.
18)
a.
b.
b.
19) Three chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms include atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, and natural gas.
20) A carbon atom could be part of the atmosphere as a gas, a part of the lithosphere as a plant or animal waste decay and lastly as part of the hydrosphere as limestone.
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