Blog of the Day

In the solubility lab you take 2 test tubes and add 2 different amounts of succinic acid in each and then supersaturate them both and record the average crystal height for each.

ISCS pg. 82-83 #9-27, 33, 35

9) 11 grams=mass of sugar, 44 grams=mass of water

10) 15,000 ppm.

11) A water molecule is polar because one end is positively charged (hydrogen) and the other is negatively charged (oxygen) causing them to attract. 

12) 

13) 
a. The negative end, which is oxygen.

b. The positive end, which is hydrogen.

14) Heavy metal are called heavy because their atoms have greater masses than those of essential metallic elements.

15) 3 symptoms include: staggered walk, brain damage, and numbness. 

16) 

a1. In soil surrounding heavily traveled roads.

a2. In flaking old paint found in houses built before 1978.

b1. In "silent" light switches. 

b2. In medical and weather thermometers. 

17) Hydroxide is found in many bases.

18) Hydrogen is found in many acids. 

19)

a. basic

b. basic

c. acidic

d. nuetral

20)

a. Soft drink

b. Black coffee

c. Milk of magnesia

21) 2 times more acidic. 

22) 

1. Fish-egg development is impaired.

2. Increase the concentrations of metal ions in naturals waters, some which can be toxic to fish.

3. Dissolve organic materials, including skin and scales.

23) Polar molecules have a assymetrical distribution of electical charges, one end positive and the other negative while nonpolar molecules are distributed more symmetrically.

24) I would select lamp oil because it is a non-polar solvent and non polar substances dissolve better in non-polar solvents. 

25) NaCl dissolves in water and not in oil because NaCl is polar and so is water which causes it to dissolve however oil is nonpolar which doesn't cause it to dissolve. 

26) Polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

27) Since water is polar and grease, or oil, is nonpolar, water would not be able to dissolve the grease on the dishes.

33)

a. Nonpolar materials are likely to be found in these cleaners.

b. Because water wouldn't dissolve the grease off your hands, while a cleaner with nonpolar materials would because they could dissolve the grease since it is also nonpolar. 

35) I would expect hydrogen to have a partial positive charge because it has less electrons, or negative charges, then flourine does. 

Blog of the day

How you do solution concentration problems when you want to find a percentage is you take the amount of grams of the compound and add it to the grams of water. Then you dividethe grams of the compound to that answer and multiply that by 100.

C.5 pg.62 #1-3

1)
a. The solution would become saturated.
b.

2)
a.

bi.

It differs because its more concentrated.

bii. 25 grams

3)

a.

b.

c. 3a and 3b are both unsaturated but since we added more water to 3b when it was already unsaturated it became very unsaturated. The overall difference is that KCl is spread out more in model 3b than in 3a.

Keep your mind on the road

This articles states the most distracting activities you can do while you are driving. Dr. Strayer divided 120 volunteers into 3 groups and and asked 

each group to perform all of the eight tasks which were doing nothing; listening to the radio; listening to an audio book; conversing with a passenger; calling a friend using a hand-held phone; calling a friend using a hands-free phone; using speech to send a text message; and, to verify a set of mathematical equations while memorizing nouns interjected between the maths problems.

The first group of volunteers performed these tasks sitting at a computer, the second sat in simulators resembling the interior of a car, and followed another car on a screen and the third drove real cars. their level of concentration was tested by studying their responses to lights shone in the their all around visual 

field, and their subjective views of which tasks demanded most attention were recorded. The overall results showed that listening to radio or book was the 

least distracting activities and the most being hands-free texting. 

This articles first caught my eye because I just got my permit so I was curious to find out what activity was the most distracting while driving and caused the most accidents, so I could not prevent accidents from being distracted. Also I thought it was interesting because I never thought that hands-free texting was the most distracting activity especially since it is hands free. 

ISCS pg. 82 #1-8

1) Three teaspoons of sugar will dissolve completely in hot tea but not in iced tea because when the solvent is hot it makes the solute easier to dissolve because it basically melts it. 

2) The maximum mass that will dissolve is 48 grams. 

3) 
a. 200 g
b. 710 g
c. 1,892 g

4)
a. NaCl, KCl, KNO₃
b. KNO₃, NaCl, KCl

5) Saturated is when a solution that is unable to absorb or dissolve any more of a solute at a given temperature and unsaturated is when a solution contains less dissolved solute than the amount that the solvent can normally hold at that temperature. 

6) 
a. 30 g
b. Saturated
c. 90 grams should form

7) 
a. It will dissolve.
b. Small amount of percipitate will form.
c. Large amount of percipitate will form.

8) 35g x 1.15= 40.25
40% ethanol

pg. 56 #1-3

1)
a. 105 g
b. 45 g

2)
a. 20 g must be added.
b. 45 g is the minium mass.

3)
a. 90 g will precipitate.
b. 200 g will have to be added.

Blog of the Day

The the way I solve math word problems when answering solubility questions is I first look at the question and understand what it asks and then I would whatever methods (multiplication, subraction, addition, division) that would apply.

ISBS pg. 52 #25-34

25) The difference between a qualitative and quantitative tests is that a qualitative tests identify the presence or absence of a particular substance and a quantitative tests determine the amount of a particular substance present. 

26) A confirming test is a positive test that confirms that the ion is present. 

27) 

a. The reference solution's purpose was for comparison of the cloudy solutions. 

b. The distilled-water blanks purpose was to not contain any ions of interest so we could compare it to the solutions to find out if they had ions. 

28) No because there may be the slightest amount of the ion that the student cannot see with an unaided eye.

29)

a. I would let the mixture sit and see if any solid particles settled at the bottom the mixture to determine if it was a suspension . I would use the Tyndall effect to see if the mixture was a solution or colloid.

b. By allowing the mixture to sit for a few minutes, I would be able to find out if solid particles are large enough for me to see when they settled to the bottom of the mixture. In Tyndall effect if the light scattered around the mixture that means that the mixture is a colloid however if the light ran right through the mixture then it would mean it was a solution. 

30) Failing to follow the direction "shake before using" on a medicine bottle can result in you not taking the full medication because many of the particles will sink to bottom so you won't get all the ingredients in the mediation when you are taking it which can have serious risk because some people rely on medication to live. 

31) It is useful for element symbols to have international acceptance because  it allows a universal way of specifying chemicals. With element symbols it makes everything so much easier because you can learn the all the elements without memorizes a bunch of long names. 

32)

33) It is not possible to have water bee 100% chemical free or pure because atmospheric gases will always dissolve in the water to some extent. 

34) Some physical properties of water include, boiling point (100°C), freezing point (0°C), melting point(0°C), and density(1g/mL). However hydrogen and oxygen, which are water elements have different physical properties. Hydrogen's physical properties include that it is odorless, colorless, tasteless, that it is insoluble in water, and it is the lightest gas. Oxygen physical properties include that is exist in 3 forms liquid, gas, and solid and it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

Blog of the Day

From the water lab I learned the importance of have clean equipment because if if you use something that has some of another solution it will change the reaction, which is what happened to my group. I also learned than when you are testing for a something and a solution reacts to it, it means that the solution carries that substance. 

It not myth, just call us lith: Water Testing Lab Report

Makena, Nicolette, and Nina

Chemistry

Dr. Forman

Don't stop pour that drop, see that color change then stop. Get a table write results, grab your group and then consult, are there ions are there not it interests me a lot.

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to test the water so we could learn how to detect precipitate, and invisible substances in the unknown water samples. We used four techniques to test the water: the calcium test, iron test, chloride test, and sulfate test. Through those steps we discovered that each water source and reference reacted the same or differently from the others when we added the test solution. We noticed that when there was a change in color or clarity that meant there was percipitate present causing it to carry either calcium, iron, chloride or sulfate ions.

Procedure:
Calcium Test-
1. We added 20 drops of calcium chloride solution in the first well as the reference
2. We added 20 drops of control in the second well
3. We added 20 drops of tap water in the third well
4. We added 20 drops of ocean water into the sixth well
5. We added 20 drops of distilled water into fifth well
6. We added 3 drops of sodium carbonate into each solution
7. Two wells turned pink so we dumped everything out and washed our plate well and started the  process over with a new plate well
8. Then the tap water turned pink again so we moved
7. Wrote the results of each reaction

Iron Test-
1.We added 20 drops of ferric nitrate in the first well as the reference
2. We added 20 drops of control in the second well

3. We added 20 drops of tap water in the third well

4. We added 20 drops of ocean water into the sixth well

5. We added 20 drops of distilled water into fifth well

6. We added 3 drops of potasssium thiocyanate into each solution

7. Wrote the results for each reaction

Chloride Test-

1. We added 20 drops of calcium chloride solution in the first well as the reference 

2. We added 20 drops of control in the second well

3. We added 20 drops of tap water in the third well

4. We added 20 drops of ocean water into the sixth well

5. We added 20 drops of distilled water into fifth well

6. We added 3 drops of silver nitrate into each solution

7. Wrote the results for each reaction

Sulfate Test-

1. We added 20 drops of terrous sulfate in the first well as the reference 

2. We added 20 drops of control in the second well

3. We added 20 drops of tap water in the third well

4. We added 20 drops of ocean water into the sixth well

5. We added 20 drops of distilled water into fifth well

6. We added 3 drops of barium chloride into each soltuion 

7. Wrote the results for each reaction

Results:
Calcium Test-

The reference(calcium chloride) and tap water have calcium ions present.
Iron Test-

The reference(potasssium thiocyanate) have iron ions present.
Chloride Test-

The reference(silver nitrate), tap water, and ocean water have chloride ions present.
Sulfate Test-

The reference(barium chloride), control, and ocean water have sulfate ions present.
Class Results:

This aggregated data shows all the lab data and the differences between the some of the lab groups results. With this data we can compare our results to other students to find out if our results were different and determine why might that be. For us we had no precipitate in control for the chloride test which may have been caused by us not looking close enough to see if the solution was cloudy, our solution could have expired or it could have been caused by the use of dirty plates well from past lab groups, which happened to our group during the calcium test.

Pg. 45 #1-4
1) A reference solution was used in each test for comparison and a blank was used to make sure that the solution was working properly and/or that the wells were clean because there should have been no ions in the blank (distilled water).

2) A problem associated with  the use of qualitative tests is that their may be contaminats leftover on your plate well, which can cause the reactions to be false.

3)The results cannot absolutely confirm the absence of an ion because we can't physically see the ions to be able to actually tell whether they are absent.

4) If we had not cleaned our stirring rods or wells after each test than the reactions of each solution would have been diffferent and each reaction would be false.

Blog of the Day

Water testing helps us because determines whether water is clean enough to drink. Testing water shows you whether the water is polluted or whether it is pure. It is always important to test water because you don't want to drink polluted since it causes many diseases and sometime death.

ISBS pg. 51 #19-24

19)
a. 6 electrons
b. 13 protons
c. 82 electrons
d. 17 protons

20)
a. no
b. no
c. yes
d. no

21)
a. anion
b. nuetral atom
c. neutral atom
d. cation
e. cation

22)
a. gaining electrons
b. niether
c. niether
d. losing an electron
e. losing electrons

23)
a. H
b. Na+
c. Cl-
d. Al₃+

24)
a. KI - potassium, iodine
b. CaS - calcium, sulfur
c. (Fe)(Br)3 - iron, bromine
d. (Ba)(OH)2 - barium, oxygen hydrogen
e. (NH₄)(PO₄)3 - nitrogen hydrogen, phosphorus oxygen
f. (Al)3(O)2- - aluminum, oxygen

Blog of the Day

I think reading about science is important because it shows us just how important science is. When reading about science I gain a better understanding of it and the big impact it makes throughout world. I also helps me realize that science isn't just another subject that I'll never really need to know in my future, but a subject that will help me thrive in the furture, since it is used in our daily lives.

Water gif

A.7 pg.20 #1-7

1) In a total of three days my household used 6,940 liters of water.

2) On average, one memeber of my houshold used 561 liters in one day.

3)

4) The range of the average daily personal water use within my class is 1, 493.

5) The mean for the class data is 600 L and the median is 579 L.

6) The reasons that explain the difference between my value and the average value is that we have a yard and we have to water it year round because it doesn't rain.

7) The average per person per day in my houshold is closer to the national average rather than the class average because the other students in use much more water in their houshold than I do.

ISBS pg.50-51 #13-18

13)

14) a. Modelsl i, ii, iv, and vi represent elements.
      b. Models iii and v represent compounds.

15) A chemical formula represents a different chemial substance and each element present.

16) a. 3 hydrogen atoms, 1 phosphorus atom, 4 oxygen atoms
      b. 1 sodium atom, 1 oxygen atom, 1 hydrogen atom
      c. 1 sulfur atom, 2 oxygen atoms

17) a.

   
    b.

      c. a) two hydrogen atoms plus two chlorine atoms equals two hydrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms. b) two compounds of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms equals 2 compounds of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms plus two oxygen atoms. 

18) a. NaHCO₃ + HCl ---> NaCl + H₂0 + CO₂

      b. C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₆ ---> 6CO₂ + 6H₂0

B.5 pg. 33 #1-3

   1)
 
    2) This model represents heterogeneous mixture because the mixture is not uniformed throughout.

3a)

  3b)

  3c)

ISBS pg.50 #1-12

1) A physical property is a property that can be measured and observed without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

2) Three physical properties of water are boiling point, melting point, and freezing point.

3) The density of solid water is less dense than the density of liquid water.

4) A setting where you might observe water as a solid, a liquid, and a gas would be somewhere where there is a lake with ice glaciers and clouds.

5) Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures are different because heterogeneous mixture are mixtures that are not uniform and homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that are unified throughout.

6) You need to predict which is will be more dense.

7) a. A medicine accompanied by instructions to "shake before useing" is a colloid

    b. Italian salad dressing is a suspension.

    c. mayonnaise is a solution.

    d. a cola soft drink is a solution. 

    e. an oil-based plant is a suspension. 

    f. milk is a colloid. 

8) It demonstrates that the air is a colloid because since the light it being scattered throughout the room is shows that there are little particles in the room in which the light is reflecting off of. 

9)

10) the clear, red liquid mixture would be a solution because if the beam of light passes through the mixture it means there are no tiny particles, but if there were tiny particles then the light would reflect off of them and the light would scatter throughout the mixture.

11) Substance is a uniform amd definite composition, 2 examples include elements and compounds. 

12) a. CO is a compound.

      b. Co is an element.

      c. HCl is a compound. 

      d. Mg is an element.

      e. NaHCO3 is an compound.

      f. NO is a element

      g. I2 is an element. 

Blog of the Day

a. Water shortage is worse because water is such a major part of the world and without it nothing or no one would be able to survive.
b. Water pollution is worse since the polluted water causes major health problems among human and animals which can cause deaths.

ISAS pg.23 #3-7

3) a. Manufacture of filter paper is a indirect water use because of the water needed to produce and transport the paper.
    b. Premoistening of the sand and gravel is a direct water use because we directly put the water on    the sand ourselves.
    c. Use of water to cool the distillation apparatus is a direct water use because again we are using the water directly to cool the distillation apparatus
4) Purifying water means to remove all the dirt and impurties to produce clean and clear water.

5)Three techniques to purify water are oil-water separation, sand filtration, and charcoal absorption and filtration.

6) In the oil-water separation the oil was removed, in the sand filtration the solid particles were removed, and lastly in the charcoal absorption and filtration the color and and most of the odor was removed.

7) a.The foul water procedure can't convert seawater to water suitable for drinking because it doesn't completely remove all the small particles.
    b. An addition purification step is distillation, which would allow seawater to be suitable for drinking.

ISAS pg.22 #1-4

1) Three water uses that I could do without would be washing a car, washing my floow, and washing my pets.

2) One activity I could not do without is drinking water.

3) A task I could reduce water in would be my showers, which I could do by taking quicker showers and turning off the shower when I am applying shampoo and conditioner to my hair.

4)  a.You could use impure water for washing your pet or your car.
     b. This water could be taken from washing your hand or from windows in your house.

Its no myth, just call us lith: Fresh, Clean, Pure (Foul Water Lab)

Makena, Nina, Nicolette

Dr. Forman

6/18/13

Chemistry 

Abstract:

Through the filtration process we used three techniques: water-oil separation, sand filtration, and charcoal filtration and absorption. We used water-oil sparation to separate the oil from the water, we used sand filtration to get rid of the solid particles which caused the water to become less dirty and foggy. Lastly we used charcoal filtration and absorption to completely clear the water allowing usage. Overall this was a successful filtration proccess and water ended up becoming extremely clear and pure. 

Procedure: 

1. we first by accident poursed the foul water out of the graduated cylinder in the beaker

2. then we poured it back into the graduated cylinder to correct our mistake

3. then we took a pipet to suck up all the oil on the top of the water and poured it into another beaker

4. we then diluted the oil with water, which caused the the water to sink to the bottom because it was less dense

5. then we poked holes in a styrofoam cup 

6. and then filled the cup using a ruler to get exactly 1cm of gravel, with 2 cm of sand of top of that, and then 1 cm of gravel on top of that

7. then we poured distilled water over the the sand to moisten it 

8. and then we poured the foul water into the cup filled with sand and gravel so it would come out the bottom of the cup

9. then we got a ring satnd and tighted the ring 

10. we then folded filter paper and put it into the funnel where we moistened it with distilled water

11. we poured the foul water into the flask with the charcoal and mixed in, which caused it to look like black coffe

12. Lastly we poured the dark fluid into the filter paper and let it drain into fresh, clean, and pure water. 

Results:

Before Treatment:

   Volume-100ml

   Color- yellowish brown

   Clarity- very foggy and dirty

   Odor- smells horrible like a dirty bathroom

   Oil: at the top of the water

   Solids: little black specks

After oil-water separation:

   Volume- 95ml

   Color- yellowish brown

   Clarity- very foggy and dirty

   Odor- smells like a dirty bathroom

   Oil- no oil

   Solids- little black specks

After san filtration:

   Volume- 93 ml

   Color- light yellow

   Clarity- much clearer, but still a little foggy 

   Odor- smells like dirt

   Oil- no oil

   Solids: a little sand

After charcoal absorption and filtration: 

   Volume- 86 ml

   Color- none

   Clarity- pretty clear 

   Odor- smells like a vegetable garden and soil

   Oil- none

   Solids: tiny particles that are to small to see
After distillation:
   Color- none
   Clarity- completely clear
   Odor- none
   Oil- none
   Solids: none
  

The overall results:

   86% was recovered from the process 

   We lost 14 ml during the process
   Through conductivity I realized that the filtered water was not pure because there are still small impurities that are to small to see.
   There is aggregiated data among the class because everybody didn't do everything exactly, for example some people may have moistened the sand more or and other may have not moistened it at all, so the results end up being different.

The purpose of this lab was to teach us the steps to filter water and in this process we realized that although water pollution and the lack of water are both critical the lack of water in our opinion is more critical becuase through this purification proccess we understood that we can purify polluted water.

Histogram: 

Started from foul now we're clear.