ISBS pg. 102-103 #1-9, 18-22

1)

 

2)

1. Evaporation, followed by condensation, removes nearly all dissolved substances. 

2. Bacterial action converts dissolved organic contaminants into a few simple compounds

3. Filtration through sand and gravel removes nearly all suspended matter. 

3) Aluminum react to alum and slake lime, causing a stick, jellylike material that traps and removes the suspended particles, which relates to flocculation because the process of flocculation removes suspended particles through the reaction of aluminum to alum and slake lime. 

4) Sometimes calcium oxide is added in the final step of municipal water treatment because sometimes the water is acidic enough to dissolve metallic water pipes, which can cause copper, cadmium and other undesirable ions, to enter the home water supply and calcium oxide, a basic substance neutralizes the acidic water by raising the pH to a proper level.

5) As much as 1ppm of fluoride is sometimes added to municipal water supplies in the last stage of water treatment because it reduces tooth decay. 

6) The advantage of chlorinated drinking water compared to untreated water is that Chlorine kills disease-producing microorganisms. 

7) Yes there is a disadvantage to using chlorination in water treatment because chlorine in water can react with organic compounds produced by decomposing animal and plant matter to form substances that, if in high concentrations, can be harmful to human heath. 

8) Water from a clear mountain stream may require chlorination to make it safe for drinking because of the many bacterias found in the soil. 

9) 

1. Charcoal filtration to remove most organic compounds from water. 

2. Use ozone or ultraviolet light to disinfect the water.

18) If evaporation stopped then there wouldn't be a hydrologic cycle anymore because if the water cannot be evaporation then it can't come back down through precipitation.

19) If the fact that water appeared in 3 physical states in a range of temperature found on earth was not true then there would only be one form of water which would cause the hydrologic not the function cause if there is only on form of water there wouldn't be a complete cycle. 

20) The EPA limit the concentration of THMs to 80 ppb instead of requiring total elimination because the other alternatives have disadvantages, and since THMs doesn't much as much disadvantage in low concentrations the EPA probably recognizes that it is much safer to use it in low concentrations rather than face the disadvantages of the alternatives.

21) The processes of evaporation and condensation are very similar to the process of distillation, and the process of the water seeping into the ground and passes through gravel, sand, and rock is just like the sand filtration used in the foul-water lab. 

22) 

a. 0.001997718 g, (1) 0.000998859

b. 0.013984026 g, (1) 0.006992013

c. 0.72916707 g, (1) 0.364583535