Blog of the Day

The difference between metals and non-metals are that metals shiny, malleable, and conduct electricity and non-metals do not conduct electrivity and can break.  Some examples of metals include: aluminum, copper, zinc and some examples of non-metals include: oxygen and chlorine.

2SAS pg.130 #1-12

1. 

a. physical 

b. chemical

c. chemical

d. physical 

2. 

a. physical 

b. physical

c. chemical  

d. chemical 

3. 

a. chemical 

b. chemical 

c. physical 

d. phsyical 

4. 

a. physical

b. physical 

c. chemical 

d. physical 

5. 

4a) Athough the apple appears to be brown the apple itself remains the same. 

4b) Although the flashlight batteries loose their charge the flashlight itself remains the same. 

4c) Because the clothing changes into a new substance one without oil. 

4d) Although italian dressing seperates over time the dressing itself remains the same. 

6. Put oven rack in middle position and preheat oven to 375°F. Line 2 large baking sheets with parchment or wax paper.

Whisk together flour, baking soda, and salt in a small bowl.

Beat together butter and sugars in a large bowl with an electric mixer at high speed until pale and fluffy, 2 to 3 minutes. Lightly beat 1 egg with a fork in a small bowl and add 1 3/4 tablespoons of it plus 2 remaining whole eggs to butter mixture, beating with mixer until creamy, about 1 minute. Beat in vanilla. Reduce speed to low and mix in flour mixture until just blended, then stir in chips.

Scoop 1/4 cup batter for each cookie, arranging mounds 3 inches apart, on 2 baking sheets. Flatten mounds into 3-inch rounds using moistened palm of your hand. Form remaining cookies on additional sheets of parchment.

Bake, 1 sheet at a time, until golden, 13 to 15 minutes. Transfer cookies to a rack to cool and continue making cookies in same manner using cooled baking sheets.

7) 

a. metals

b. nonmetal

c. nonmetal

d. metal

8) 

a. metal

b. metalloid

c. nonmetal

d. metal

9) 

1. Boron (B)

2. Sillicon (Si)

10)

a. will scatter

b. not scatter

c. scatter

d. not scatter

11) 

1. They conduct electricity.

2. They don't bend, which causes them to scatter.

12) 

1. They are durable (don't bend).

2. Some are not as chemicallly reactive as others.

3. They last a long time.  

Blog of the Day

The most important idea that i've learned in unit 1 was probably the foul-water lab since it taught me how to purify water. I thought that this lab not only taught us how to purify water but showed us how long purifying water takes and that there is a process to get pure water, it doesn't just come easily.

Snake River Fish Kill Cause: It's no myth, just call us Lith

Makena G.
Nina G.
Nicolette G.

       After reveiwing our data in scenario 1, the fish-kill still appeared to be unclear. However after more extensive research we figured out the cause of the fish-kill. We noticed an abnormal amount of rainfall during the month of August, coincidentally the month before the fish kill started and we noticed there there was pesticides the month before and during the fish kill. Finally, we reached our conclusion that the increase in rainfall contributed to a high water flow causing pesticides to wash into the river, thus killing the fish. In scenario 2, we conclude that the fish kill was also caused by rainfall except, the rainfall caused nitrate to wash into the river, rather than pesticides. Both of these reasonings lead to the fish kill in Snake River.

Blog of the Day

We drink bottled water because some people feel that it more pure than tap water or that since it is more expensive it is better. 

It's no myth, just call us Lith: The Solubility Curve Lab

Makena G. 

Nina G. 

Nicolette G. 

Dr. Forman

Chemistry

Abstract: The purpose of this lab was to check succinic acids solubility at different temperatures  and to understand how the solubility curve works. In this lab we checked the crystal height at three different temperatures: 45°C, 55°C, and 65°C. Overall we realized that the higher the temperature, the higher the solubility of the succinic acid and the crystal height. 

Procedure: 

45 degrees

1. Turn on hot plate

2. fill beaker with 300 ml of water

3. Put beaker filled with water on beaker and wait for it to heat to 45°C and stir the water occasionally

4. Got 4 to 5 grams of succinic acid

5. Prepared an ice bath with water and ice cubes

6. Once we got it to 45°C, we used our tongs to remove the beaker from the hot plate

7. We poured all the succinic acid in a test tube using a funnel 

8. Put 20 ml of distilled water in a graduated cycliner

9. Put the 20 ml of water into the test tube with the distilled water, however since the test tube was to small we couldn't pour all the whole 20 ml of water into the test tube

10. We put the test tube with the water and succinic acid into the 45 degree water and stirred with a glass rod every other 30 seconds for 7 minutes, and constantly checking to make the sure the temperature was still at 45 degrees

11. We put the beaker with the test tube back on the hot plate because the temperature was down 

12. Took it back off once it reach around 45°C 

13. After the 7 minutes was over, we took the test tube and poured out the water into another test tube avoiding pouring out the succinic acid, and then put it into a ice bath for 2 minutes

14. We dilluted the test tube with the succinic acid and cleaned it out 

15. We then took the test tube out of the ice bath after 2 minutes let it sit at room temperature for 5 minutes

17. Lastly we recorded our results

55 degrees  

1. Same steps except you heated the beaker with 300 ml of water to 55°C and we used and bigger test tube so all the water and succinic acid could fit. 

65 degrees

1. Same steps except you heated the beaker with 300 ml of water to 65°C.  Also you didn't need to seperate the water and the succinic acid after you stirred the test tube every 30 seconds for 7 minutes in the heated beaker because the succinic acid was dissolved completely in the water. 

Result: 

Lithium

Mean: 61.6

Histogram

This aggregated data shows the different groups height of the crystal at 45°C, 55°C, and 65°C. There is some difference in the data because people temperature could have been different by a tenth or by 1 or 2 degrees. Also another reason could be the fact that we could collect 4 to 5 grams of succinic acid so some may have had 4.20 grams of succinic acid and others may have had 4. 90 grams, which could have affected differed there results from the other groups. 

Pg. 59:

Data Analysis

1. 45°C: 14.1, 55°C: 101.3, 65°C: 102.8

2. Yellow: Class mean, Pink: Lithium mean 

Questions

1. We didn't do two test tubes for each temperature but it would be helpful so we could check our work. 

2. Since succinic acid was a solid, we knew that when the temperature was risen the solubility should have risen as well.

3. Yes all the succinic accid that originally dissolved in the water crystallized out of the sollution because since we cooled it and allowed it to sit at room temperature the dissolved substances re-formed as crystal as shown in the finals photos under each degrees steps. 

4. Yes we did have enough data since all the lab groups had results for each temperature. The curve would be good enough to make useful prediciton abouth other temperatures because with these results we know that the higher the temperature the more soluble the substance is. 

5. Procedures that could lead to errors are dirty tools, the temperatures since there could been many temperatures around 45°C that could have caused there results to be different from the other groups. Also the step where you got succinic acid because you could had to get between 4 to 5 grams so everyones amount differed. 

6. A different procedure for gathering data to construct a solubility curve would be taking a gas, putting it in water and writing the results for the solubility of the gas at different pressures. 

ISBS pg. 102-103 #1-9, 18-22

1)

 

2)

1. Evaporation, followed by condensation, removes nearly all dissolved substances. 

2. Bacterial action converts dissolved organic contaminants into a few simple compounds

3. Filtration through sand and gravel removes nearly all suspended matter. 

3) Aluminum react to alum and slake lime, causing a stick, jellylike material that traps and removes the suspended particles, which relates to flocculation because the process of flocculation removes suspended particles through the reaction of aluminum to alum and slake lime. 

4) Sometimes calcium oxide is added in the final step of municipal water treatment because sometimes the water is acidic enough to dissolve metallic water pipes, which can cause copper, cadmium and other undesirable ions, to enter the home water supply and calcium oxide, a basic substance neutralizes the acidic water by raising the pH to a proper level.

5) As much as 1ppm of fluoride is sometimes added to municipal water supplies in the last stage of water treatment because it reduces tooth decay. 

6) The advantage of chlorinated drinking water compared to untreated water is that Chlorine kills disease-producing microorganisms. 

7) Yes there is a disadvantage to using chlorination in water treatment because chlorine in water can react with organic compounds produced by decomposing animal and plant matter to form substances that, if in high concentrations, can be harmful to human heath. 

8) Water from a clear mountain stream may require chlorination to make it safe for drinking because of the many bacterias found in the soil. 

9) 

1. Charcoal filtration to remove most organic compounds from water. 

2. Use ozone or ultraviolet light to disinfect the water.

18) If evaporation stopped then there wouldn't be a hydrologic cycle anymore because if the water cannot be evaporation then it can't come back down through precipitation.

19) If the fact that water appeared in 3 physical states in a range of temperature found on earth was not true then there would only be one form of water which would cause the hydrologic not the function cause if there is only on form of water there wouldn't be a complete cycle. 

20) The EPA limit the concentration of THMs to 80 ppb instead of requiring total elimination because the other alternatives have disadvantages, and since THMs doesn't much as much disadvantage in low concentrations the EPA probably recognizes that it is much safer to use it in low concentrations rather than face the disadvantages of the alternatives.

21) The processes of evaporation and condensation are very similar to the process of distillation, and the process of the water seeping into the ground and passes through gravel, sand, and rock is just like the sand filtration used in the foul-water lab. 

22) 

a. 0.001997718 g, (1) 0.000998859

b. 0.013984026 g, (1) 0.006992013

c. 0.72916707 g, (1) 0.364583535